gbsНовый бюллетень Главного ботанического садаNew Bulletin of the Main Botanical Garden3033-7135Главный ботанический сад им. Н.В. Цицина Российской академии наук10.35102/CBG.2025.46.40.003gbs-13Research ArticleФлора, растительность, новые находкиFlora, vegetation, new findingsПериоды сельскохозяйственной трансформации в зоне хвойно-широколиственных лесов европейской части России по данным палинологического анализаAgricultural transformation of landscapes in the mixed forest zone of European Russia: periods identified from pollen diagramsНосоваМ. Б.NosovaM. B.

Москва

Moscow

mashanosova@mail.ruЕршоваЕ. Г.ErshovaE. G.КренкеН. А.KrenkeN. A.

Санкт-Петербург

Saint Petersburg

ЛавреновН. Г.LavrenovN. G.

Москва

Moscow

Главный ботанический сад им. Н.В. Цицина РАНРоссияTsitsin Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of SciencesRussian FederationДепартамент ботаники, Университет Висконсин-МэдисонСоединённые Штаты АмерикиDepartment of Botany, University of Wisconsin-MadisonUnited StatesИнститут истории материальной культуры РАНРоссияInstitute for the history of material culture of Russian Academy of SciencesRussian Federation20250101202613-43351Copyright © Носова М.Б., Ершова Е.Г., Кренке Н.А., Лавренов Н.Г., 20252025Носова М.Б., Ершова Е.Г., Кренке Н.А., Лавренов Н.Г.Nosova M.B., Ershova E.G., Krenke N.A., Lavrenov N.G.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.botanicarossica.ru/jour/article/view/13

В статье рассмотрены девять спорово-пыльцевых последовательностей ископаемых отложений позднего голоцена и их сокращенные диаграммы из зоны широколиственно-хвойных лесов в пределах Псковской, Смоленской, Тверской и Московской областей. Палинологические данные представлены на единой временной шкале, охватывающей период последних 5000 лет. Участие таксонов-антропогенных индикаторов (АИ), включая недревесную пыльцу, культурные злаки (Cerealia), Artemisia и Urtica, были соотнесены с изменениями содержания лесообразующих таксонов (Picea, Quercus, Ulmus) в рамках общей хронологии. Предварительно установлена общая модель поэтапного развития производящего хозяйства и изменения интенсивности антропогенного воздействия в пределах зоны хвойно-широколиственных лесов. В рамках этой модели выделено пять фаз антропогенных изменений растительности и ландшафта: 1) Условный период неолитабронзового века, примерно с 4500–4000 до 3000 кал. л.н., с наиболее ранними находками пыльцы культурных злаков (около 6000 кал. л.н.). В этот период антропогенные индикаторы отражают хозяйство «лесного неолита», характеризующееся минимальной вырубкой лесов и очень спорными и редкими свидетельствами выращивания культурных злаков; 2) Ранний железный век, датируемый 2800–2500 кал. л.н.; 3) период Великого переселения народов и Раннее Средневековье 1700–1300 кал. л.н.; 4) Раннее Средневековье включая Эпоху Викингов и Древнерусский период (1400–800 кал. л.н.), характеризующееся выраженным увеличением земледелия; 5) Период Нового Времени (400–100 кал. л.н.), в течение которого большинство диаграмм показывают пиковые значения антропогенных индикаторов, а также максимальное сведение коренных лесов. 

The article discusses nine pollen sequences and their summary diagrams from the Pskov, Smolensk, Tver, and Moscow regions of European Russia, within the mixed (broadleaved-coniferous) forests zone. The sequences are aligned on a unified timescale extending to 5,000 cal yr BP. Selected anthropogenic indicators (AI), including non-arboreal pollen (NAP), Cerealia, Artemisia, and Urtica, were correlated with major primary forest taxa (Picea, Quercus, Ulmus) using this common chronology. A relatively consistent pattern of stepwise agricultural development and human impact within the broadleavedconiferous forest zone is preliminarily established. Within this pattern, five more or less distinct phases of human-induced vegetation and landscape change are identified: 1) The conventional period attributed to the Neolithic–Bronze Age, from approximately 4,500–4,000 (extending to 3,000) cal yr BP, with earlier but doubtful evidences of agriculture (up to 6,000 cal yr BP). During this phase, the AIs reflect a "Forest Neolithic" type of economy, characterized by minimal deforestation and debatable cereal cultivation; 2) The Early Iron Age period, dating to (3,000) 2,800–2,500 cal yr BP; 3) The Migration Period, 1,700– 1,300 cal yr BP; 4) The Early Medieval period including the Viking Age and Old Russian period (1,400– 800 cal yr BP), featuring a pronounced increase in cultivation and rapid changes in forest composition; 5) The Period of New Times (400–100 cal yr BP), during which most diagrams show peak values for anthropogenic indicators, as well as maximum deforestation. 

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.